Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It is distributed throughout the United States and internationally. It is the second largest news weekly magazine in the U.S., having trailed Time in circulation and advertising revenue for most of its existence. Newsweek is published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region.
fSocial construction of technology is a theory within the field of Science and Technology Studies. Advocates of SCOT -- that is, social constructivists argue that technology does not determine human action, but that rather, human action shapes technology. They also argue that the ways a technology is used cannot be understood without understanding how that technology is embedded in its social context.
Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It is distributed throughout the United States and internationally. It is the second largest news weekly magazine in the U.S., having trailed Time in circulation and advertising revenue for most of its existence. Newsweek is published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region.
ELEPHANT POLO, a var. of >POLO played on elephants. There are no restrictions as to the height, weight or sex of the elephants. The game is officiated by a senior umpire together with an assistant umpire mounted on the referee elephant and the official referee who can be on the referee elephant or be positioned on the sideline near the center of the field. There are also two goal judges, one at either goal, who declare the goals scored. The game is played by four mounted players on each team. The pitch is 120m long and 70m wide, marked with a center line, a circle with a radius of 10m in the center of the field. A semi-circle, in front of the goals, with a radius of 20m, measured from the center of the goal line at either end of the pitch forms a semi-circle called the D. The game consists of two 10-minute chukkas of playing time, with an interval of 15 min. Elephants and ends of the pitch are changed at half time. Elephant polo is played with a standard size polo ball made of willow root or plastic, about 3 -3�in. in diameter, weighing about 4oz. The ball is hit with mallets with long shafts, proportional to the height of the elephants. No team may have more than three elephants playing in one half of the pitch at any given time. The play starts when the umpire throws the ball between 2 opposing elephants inside the ring, from outside the center circle. The end of a chukka is signaled with a bell or a bugle. A goal is scored if the ball travels over and across the goal line. No more than one elephant from each side is allowed in the D.
When a player from one team commits a foul, the opposing team is allowed a free hit from the spot the foul occurred (spot hit). If a foul is committed within the D, the opposing team is given a spot hit from a point on the 20m semi-circle line opposite the middle of the goal. The ball may only be hit once, i.e. should a player miss the ball, additional swings at the ball may not be taken. Fouls include hooking the opponent's stick; standing 'on' the ball; intentionally hitting another player or umpire with a stick; and deliberately crossing in front of an elephant when the opponent is moving with a ball. An example of dangerous play can be the so-called 'round house' swings. Such swings are allowed only if there are no other players, or elephants, at risk of being hit. If the elephants get too close to each other the umpire can stop the play and separate them. The use of the ankush (a riding crop) is generally forbidden during the game; the ankush may be carried on elephants considered dangerous by the mahouts. If there is any failure in the elephant's harness, the play is stopped to repair it.
When a player from one team commits a foul, the opposing team is allowed a free hit from the spot the foul occurred (spot hit). If a foul is committed within the D, the opposing team is given a spot hit from a point on the 20m semi-circle line opposite the middle of the goal. The ball may only be hit once, i.e. should a player miss the ball, additional swings at the ball may not be taken. Fouls include hooking the opponent's stick; standing 'on' the ball; intentionally hitting another player or umpire with a stick; and deliberately crossing in front of an elephant when the opponent is moving with a ball. An example of dangerous play can be the so-called 'round house' swings. Such swings are allowed only if there are no other players, or elephants, at risk of being hit. If the elephants get too close to each other the umpire can stop the play and separate them. The use of the ankush (a riding crop) is generally forbidden during the game; the ankush may be carried on elephants considered dangerous by the mahouts. If there is any failure in the elephant's harness, the play is stopped to repair it.
SCOT is a response to technological determinism and is sometimes known as technological constructivism.
SCOT draws on work done in the constructivist school of the sociology of scientific knowledge, and its subtopics include actor-network theory (a branch of the sociology of science and technology) and historical analysis of sociotechnical systems, such as the work of historian Thomas P. Hughes. Leading adherents of SCOT include Wiebe Bijker and Trevor Pinch.
SCOT holds that those who seek to understand the reasons for acceptance or rejection of a technology should look to the social world. It is not enough, according to SCOT, to explain a technology's success by saying that it is "the best" researchers must look at how the criteria of being "the best" is defined and what groups and stakeholders participate in defining it. In particular, they must ask who defines the technical criteria success is measured by, why technical criteria are defined this way, and who is included or excluded.
SCOT is not only a theory, but also a methodology: it formalizes the steps and principles to follow when one wants to analyze the causes of technological failures or successes.
SCOT draws on work done in the constructivist school of the sociology of scientific knowledge, and its subtopics include actor-network theory (a branch of the sociology of science and technology) and historical analysis of sociotechnical systems, such as the work of historian Thomas P. Hughes. Leading adherents of SCOT include Wiebe Bijker and Trevor Pinch.
SCOT holds that those who seek to understand the reasons for acceptance or rejection of a technology should look to the social world. It is not enough, according to SCOT, to explain a technology's success by saying that it is "the best" researchers must look at how the criteria of being "the best" is defined and what groups and stakeholders participate in defining it. In particular, they must ask who defines the technical criteria success is measured by, why technical criteria are defined this way, and who is included or excluded.
SCOT is not only a theory, but also a methodology: it formalizes the steps and principles to follow when one wants to analyze the causes of technological failures or successes.
